A suzerainty agreement is a treaty between two states in which one state, known as the suzerain, controls the foreign policy and defense of the other state, known as the vassal state. The suzerain has the power to make treaties on behalf of the vassal state, but the vassal state retains some degree of autonomy in internal affairs.
Suzerainty agreements were common in medieval Europe, where powerful kings would grant vassalage to lesser lords in exchange for loyalty and military service. However, suzerainty agreements have also been used in other regions and time periods.
One example of a suzerainty agreement is the Treaty of Allahabad, signed in 1765 between the British East India Company and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Under this agreement, the East India Company was granted the right to collect taxes in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in exchange for protecting the Mughal Emperor from outside threats.
Suzerainty agreements can be controversial, as the vassal state may feel that its sovereignty is being compromised. The terms of the agreement must be carefully negotiated to ensure that both parties benefit.
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